راه اندازی سیستم جدید دریافت مقالات غیر اشتراکی و ثبت نام در کارگاه روشهای پیشرفته جستجو در منابع عل
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سايت پژوهشی ويژه ايرانی ها
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This is for those who think they have some valuable documents and classified references… or at least something that recollecting and rewriting them take a significant time and energy
Attached powerpoint can really help everyone who likes to publish his/her manuscript through well branded journals
Report 1: How to write/edit scientific papers (Mr. Qinyuan Lou)
Report
2: Use of the definite and indefinite articles in the English language (Mr. Ian McIntosh)
Recipe for a Quality Scientific Paper: Fulfill Readers' and Reviewers' Expectations (in English)
by Yaoqi Zhou
( حتما دانلود کنيد و بصورت گام به گام پيگيري کنيد )
فيلم شماره 1 [12.55MB]
خيلي زياد هستند واسه همين اين 8 تاي اول رو گذاشتم. اگر با موثر بودنش موافق بودين بگين تا بقيه لينک هاي دانلود رو هم آپلود کنم.
نکته: برنامه utorrent را نصب کنين و واسه دانلود از ازش کمک بگيرين. دانلودتون رو تنظيم کنين از شب تا صبح (ساعتي که تراکنش رايگان دارين)
نکته: واسه نرم افزار BIG TORRENT مي توانيد از لينک زير اون رو دانلود کنيد.
Proquest Dissertation
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Theses Canada Portal
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Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN)
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Diplomarbeiten Agentur diplom.de
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Dissertations & Abstract Database
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Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations
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Database of African Theses and Dissertations
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American Political Science Association Graduate Student Connection
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Latin American and Caribbean Studies Research Portal
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Action Research Resources
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Guide To Electronic Theses and Dissertations
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American Historical Association Directory of Dissertations in Progress
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Digital Library of ETDs (Electronic Theses and Dissertations
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BASES DE DATOS DE TESIS DOCTORALES (TESEO)
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Electronic Theses and Dissertations
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Concordia University Theses
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Australian Digital Theses Program
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UNT Electronic Theses & Dissertations
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ProQuest Digital Dissertations
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Overview
When writing a critical review of an article, you will need to summarize, evaluate, and offer critical comment on the ideas and information that the author(s) presents in the article.
Research / scientific articles are highly structured to make information easy to find. The research article usually has the following sections: Title Page, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, References, and Tables / Figures.
Your goal should be to read and understand the article, analyze the findings or arguments, and evaluate and comment on the article.
Reading the Article
-- the research question (usually stated in the Abstract and Introduction)
-- the hypothesis(es) (usually in the Introduction)
-- the test of the hypothesis (in the Methods)
-- the findings (in the Results, including tables and figures)
-- how the findings were interpreted (in the Discussion)
Ask yourself these questions:
-- What is interesting about this information?
-- How does the author(s) support the hypothesis?
-- What is the main aim of the article?
-- Is the article timely?
-- Is the argument / thesis convincing? Is the evidence valid?
-- How does the study design address the thesis?
-- What are the controls for each experiment?
-- Is the methodology appropriate? Any weaknesses?
-- Are the results convincing? Is it comprehensive and through?
-- What questions remain unanswered? Anything omitted?
-- Are the findings presented and described clearly and fully?
-- Could the data be interpreted in another way?
-- How does the article contribute to the field? Does it make an original contribution to the field?
-- How does the article relate to the course?
Writing the Article Summary
Introduction
-- Give the title of the article and name of the author(s) and provide a full citation of the article. Identify the writer by profession or importance.
-- Identify the purpose of the article.
-- Tell what the research question is and explain why it is interesting and important. Give your overall impression.
-- It is important that the introductory paragraph include a thesis statement which identifies the main points you will be discussing in the body (analysis) of the review.
Body (Analysis)
-- Briefly describe the methods, design of the study, how many subjects were involved, what they did, the variables, what was measured, and where the research was conducted.
-- Describe the results / what was found.
-- Write an analytical summary of the main findings, arguments, or conclusions of the article / study.
-- Discuss the strengths and usefulness of the article / study.
-- Discuss the weaknesses, limitations, or problems of the article / study.
-- Discuss what you learned from the article and if you recommend it to other students.
-- Support your analysis with quotations and/or specific examples throughout.
Conclusion
-- Summarize the previous discussion.
-- Make a final judgement on the value of the article.
-- State what you learned from the article.
-- Comment on the future or implications of the research.
The advice in this brochure is a general guide only. We strongly recommend that you also follow your assignment instructions and seek clarification from your lecturer/tutor if needed.
The critical review is a writing task that asks you to summarise and evaluate a text. The critical review can be of a book, a chapter, or a journal article. Writing the critical review usually requires you to read the selected text in detail and to also read other related texts so that you can present a fair and reasonable evaluation of the selected text.
At university, to be critical does not mean to criticise in a negative manner. Rather it requires you to question the information and opinions in a text and present your evaluation or judgement of the text. To do this well, you should attempt to understand the topic from different perspectives (i.e. read related texts) and in relation to the theories, approaches and frameworks in your course.
Here you decide the strengths and weaknesses of a text. This is usually based on specific criteria. Evaluating requires an understanding of not just the content of the text, but also an understanding of a text’s purpose, the intended audience and why it is structured the way it is.
Analysing requires separating the content and concepts of a text into their main components and then understanding how these interrelate, connect and possibly influence each other.
Critical reviews, both short (one page) and long (four pages), usually have a similar structure. Check your assignment instructions for formatting and structural specifications. Headings are usually optional for longer reviews and can be helpful for the reader.
The length of an introduction is usually one paragraph for a journal article review and two or three paragraphs for a longer book review. Include a few opening sentences that announce the author(s) and the title, and briefly explain the topic of the text. Present the aim of the text and summarise the main finding or key argument. Conclude the introduction with a brief statement of your evaluation of the text. This can be a positive or negative evaluation or, as is usually the case, a mixed response.
Present a summary of the key points along with a limited number of examples. You can also briefly explain the author’s purpose/intentions throughout the text and you may briefly describe how the text is organised. The summary should only make up about a third of the critical review.
The critique should be a balanced discussion and evaluation of the strengths, weakness and notable features of the text. Remember to base your discussion on specific criteria. Good reviews also include other sources to support your evaluation (remember to reference).
You can choose how to sequence your critique. Here are some examples to get you started:
This is usually a very short paragraph.
If you have used other sources in you review you should also include a list of references at the end of the review.
Summarising and paraphrasing are essential skills for academic writing and in particular, the critical review. To summarise means to reduce a text to its main points and its most important ideas. The length of your summary for a critical review should only be about one quarter to one third of the whole critical review. The best way to summarise is to:
Paraphrasing means putting it into your own words. Paraphrasing offers an alternative to using direct quotations in your summary (and the critique) and can be an efficient way to integrate your summary notes. The best way to paraphrase is to:
Word Usage in Scientific Writing
A sentence should contain no unnecessary words. In scientific manuscripts precise writing is especially important because of the emphasis on conveying quantitative information efficiently. In reporting and recording research, try to be as accurate and precise in describing as in conducting the research.
Following is a list of words and expressions that are useless or incorrect in scientific writing, with suggested alternatives. This is not a complete list but contains some of the most troublesome words most frequently found in scientific manuscripts.
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Don't use |
Better |
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based on the fact that |
because |
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for the purpose of |
for / to |
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fact |
evidence |
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prove |
support |
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plays an important role |
is important because |
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decreased number of |
fewer |
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time period |
time |
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longer time period |
longer |
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brown in color |
brown |
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round in shape |
round |
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a number of |
some |
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has been shown to be |
is |
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by means of |
by |
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it is possible that |
may |
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in order to |
to |
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during the course of |
during |
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a majority of |
most |
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a great number of times |
often |
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in other words |
thus / hence / therefore |
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despite the fact that |
although |
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first of all |
first |
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it is interesting to note that |
eliminate |
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it may be reasonable to suppose that |
eliminate |
To ensure accuracy and preciseness in your writing:
• Use an English spelling checker
• Make sure you use words according to the precise meaning understood by the average person.
• Ideally, check whether every word could be deleted or replaced by a better one.
Promoting Your Publication
Having published an article in a journal doesn’t mean it will be read or cited. So much is published every day, that most scientists will not have time to read everything. How will they know that you have just made an important contribution in your field unless they are specifically looking for your paper?
When you publish an article, there are steps you can take to ensure that your paper is distributed and comes to the attention of people within your relevant academic networks. One way of doing that is to send people a copy of your paper. Don't feel shy about doing so, you are actually doing them a favor: they won't need to search for it or photocopy it in the library.
You should consider sending a copy to all your relevant academic friends and contacts:
• colleagues in your department
• authors you cited in your paper
• other researchers or scientists who have published on the same subject or are working in that field
• people/organizations who supported your research
• junior researchers who are developing skills in the same field
• your institute's librarian
• relevant special interest groups, online discussion forums, any professional bodies of which you are a member
• your superiors
• others who helped in the study
It is useful to keep a list of such people and to add to it as you expand your network. Most journals offer a reprint service - they will print off extra copies of your paper for you, provided that you order them in advance (and pay for them). If you have a list of potential recipients of your paper, you will know how many reprints to order. If you plan to send copies to policy makers or other non-specialists, you should prepare a cover letter summarizing the paper in non-technical language, explaining why you think it is important they should know about the content of your paper.
Since most papers are found online through search engines and databases, it is very important to use good descriptive keywords that cover all the key concepts and contexts of the article. Your title should also be descriptive to facilitate a database search of your paper.
You should have a website within your organization or on your own where all your published work is easily downloadable. This is one way to save on reprint costs. However, you would need to send out a brief letter to those on your list informing them of your research so they will visit your website and download your paper. For more detailed information regarding writing a manuscript for publication, please review some of our other articles at http://www.sfedit.net/newsletters.htm. These articles approach such subjects as Writing the First Draft, Writing Effective Results, Methods and Materials, Discussions, Selecting a Journal, Responding to Reviewers, etc.
Eight Steps to Developing an Effective Outline
Preparing an outline is the most important step in the process of producing a manuscript for publication in a journal. The outline bears roughly the same relation to the final manuscript as an architectural blueprint does to a finished house. Its purpose of an outline is to divide the writing of the entire paper into a number of smaller tasks. A good outline will organize the various topics and arguments in logical form. By ordering the topics you will identify, before writing the manuscript, any gaps that might exist. There is no single best way to prepare a scientific manuscript, except as determined by the individual writer and the circumstances. You should know your own style of writing best. Whatever you decide to do, you should follow at least these steps before beginning to write your manuscript. Remember, at this stage, you are only constructing an outline. You are not writing; you just need to put down some notes to guide your thinking.
1. Develop a central message of the manuscript Prepare a central message sentence (20-25 words). If you were asked to summarize your paper in one sentence, what would you say? Everything in the manuscript will be written to support this central message.
2. Define the materials and methods Briefly state the population in which you worked, the sampling method you employed, the materials you used, and most importantly, the methods you used to carry out the study.
3. Summarize the question(s) and problem(s) What was known before you started the study? What answers were needed to address the problem(s)? List the key points pertaining to the question(s) and problem(s). What did you do to answer the question(s)?
4. Define the principal findings and results Your central message sentence probably encapsulates the most important findings. There may be others that you feel ought to be included. List these in note form. Don't worry about the order or about how many you put down.
5. Describe the conclusions and implications Make brief notes on each of the implications that arise from your study. What are the principal conclusions of your findings? What is new in your work and why does it matter? What are the limitations and the implications of your results? Are there any changes in practice, approaches or techniques that you would recommend?
6. Organize and group related ideas together List each key point separately. Key points can be arranged chronologically, by order of importance or by some other pattern. The organizing scheme should be clear and well structured. You can use a cluster map, an issue tree, numbering, or some other organizational structure. Identify the important details, describe the principal findings, and provide your analysis and conclusions that contribute to each key point.
7. Identify the references that pertain to each key point
8. Develop the introduction Before beginning on the introduction, read through the notes you have made so far in your outline. Read them through and see whether there is a coherent and cohesive story and a unifying theme that runs through the outline. Your introduction outline should start with the main message, describe what the purpose or objective of your study was, how you went about doing the study, what you found and what are the implications of what you found.
Twelve Steps to Writing an Effective Materials and Methods
In the Materials and Methods section you explain clearly how you conducted your study in order to: (1) enable readers to evaluate the work performed and (2) permit others to replicate your study. You must describe exactly what you did: what and how experiments were run, what, how much, how often, where, when, and why equipment and materials were used. The main consideration is to ensure that enough detail is provided to verify your findings and to enable the replication of the study. You should maintain a balance between brevity (you cannot describe every technical issue) and completeness (you need to give adequate detail so that readers know what happened). This should be the easiest section to write. If you need help beginning, please read our article Twelve Steps in Developing an Effective First Draft at http://www.sfedit.net/newsletters.htm.
Since each journal has different requirements, review the journal’s guidelines before beginning to write this section. The steps listed here are a general compilation of these requirements.
1. Order your procedures chronologically or by type of procedure and then chronologically within type of procedure using sub-headings, where appropriate, to clarify what you did. It is up to you to decide what order of presentation will make the most sense to your reader.
2. Use the past tense and the third person to describe what you did. For example: “The sample was incubated at 37ºC for 3 days.” - NOT: “I incubate the sample at 37ºC for 3 days.”
3. Describe your experimental design clearly, including the hypotheses you tested, variables measured, how many replicates you had, controls, treatments, etc.
4. Explain why each procedure was done. Reference may be made to a published paper as an alternative to describing a lengthy procedure.
5. Identify the source of any specific type of equipment, a specific enzyme, organism, or a culture from a particular supplier, which is critical to the success of the experiment.
6. Describe in detail any modifications to equipment or equipment constructed specifically for the study and, if pertinent, provide illustrations of the modifications.
7. Precisely quantify measurements (all metric) and include errors of measurement.
8. Describe the dates and the site where your field study was conducted including physical and biological characteristics of the site, if pertinent to the study’s objectives.
9. Identify treatments using the variable or treatment name, rather than an ambiguous, generic name or number (e.g., use "healthy donors" rather than "group 1").
10. If required by the journal, mention the approval for the study by the relevant ethics committee(s) and the informed consent of the subjects.
11. Describe statistical tests and the comparisons made; ordinary statistical methods should be used without comment; advanced or unusual methods may require a literature citation.
12. Show your Materials and Methods section to a colleague and ask whether they would have difficulty in repeating your study. Other points to consider when writing the Materials and Methods:
1. Don't mix results with procedures.
2. Omit all explanatory information and background - save it for the discussion.
3. Don’t include information that is irrelevant to the reader, such as what color ice bucket you used, or which individual logged in the data.
Ten Steps to Writing an Effective Introduction
The purpose of the Introduction is to stimulate the reader’s interest and to provide pertinent background information necessary to understand the rest of the paper. You must summarize the problem to be addressed, give background on the subject, discuss previous research on the topic, and explain exactly what the paper will address, why, and how. Besides motivating a reader to read your manuscript and to care about your results, the Introduction is useful also to the journal’s reviewers and editors in judging the importance of your manuscript. An Introduction is usually 300 to 500 words, but may be more, depending on the journal and the topic. Therefore, the Introduction needs to be very concise, well structured, and inclusive of all the information needed to follow the development of your findings. Some people recommend that the Introduction be the first section written when writing a manuscript. If you need help beginning, please read our article Twelve Steps in Developing an Effective First Draft at http://www.sfedit.net/newsletters.htm.
Below are the steps in developing an effective Introduction. However, since every journal is different, it is important that you look at papers in your targeted journal to determine whether they use all of these steps. For example, some journals do not include conclusions in the Introduction.1. Begin the Introduction by providing a concise background account of the problemstudied.2. State the objective of the investigation. Your research objective is the mostimportant part of the introduction.3. Establish the significance of your work: Why was there a need to conduct the study?4. Introduce the reader to the pertinent literature. Do not give a full history of the topic. Only quote previous work having direct bearing on the present problem.5. Clearly state your hypothesis, the variables investigated, and concisely summarize the methods used. Define any abbreviations or specialized terms.7. Provide a concise discussion of the results and findings of other studies so the reader understands the big picture.8. Describe some of the major findings presented in your manuscript and explain howthey contribute to the larger field of research.9. State the principal conclusions derived from your results.
10. Identify any questions left unanswered and any new questions generated by your study. Other points to consider when writing your Introduction:1. Be aware of who will be reading your manuscript and make sure the Introduction isdirected to that audience.2. Move from general to specific: from the problem in the real world to the literature toyour research.3. Write in the present tense except for what you did or found, which should be in thepast tense.4. Be concise.
Step1. Consolidate all the information. Ensure you have everything you need to write efficiently, i.e., all data, references, drafts of tables and figures, e
Step2. Target a journal. Determine the journal to which you plan to submit your manuscript and write your manuscript according to the focus of the targeted journal. The focus may be clearly stated within the journal or may be determined by examining several recent issues of the targeted journal.
Step3. Start writing. When writing the first draft, the goal is to put something down on paper, so it does not matter if sentences are incomplete and the grammar incorrect, provided that the main points and ideas have been captured. Write when your energy is high, not when you are tired. Try to find a time and place where you can think and write without distractions.Step10. Revise it. Revise it and be prepared to do this several times until you
feel it is not possible to improve it further. The objective is to look
at your work not as its author, but as a respectful but stern critic.
Does each sentence make sense? In your longer sentences, can you keep
track of the subject at hand? Do your longer paragraphs follow a single
idea, or can they be broken into smaller paragraphs? These are some of
the questions you should ask yourself.
Step11. Revise for clarity and brevity. Revise sentences and paragraphs with special attention to clearness. For maximum readability, most sentences should be about 15- 20 words. For a scientific article, paragraphs of about 150 words in length are considered optimal. Avoid using unnecessary words.
Step12. Be consistent. Often a manuscript has more than one author and therefore the writing may be shared. However, the style needs to be consistent throughout. The first author must go through the entire manuscript and make any necessary editorial changes before submitting the manuscript to the journal.
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